Showing posts with label Machines II. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Machines II. Show all posts

November 30, 2024

3 Phase Transformer, 3 Phase Induction Motor, 1 Phase Induction Motor

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 Complete notes of Induction Motor copy, my notes

3 Phase Induction Motor


Machine I

DC Machine: 

Armature Reaction waveform - Page 9

Armature Reaction in DC Motor - 14

 

Windings of Transformer - Concentric, Sandwich, Cross Over, Continuous Disc Winding - Page 4

Parallel Operation of Transformers -19

Two Transformers in Parallel with equal voltages -24

Auto Transformers - 27

Saving of Copper in Auto Transformers - 31

 Advantages of Auto Transformer - 33

Two winding Transformers to Auto Transformer Conversion - 34

Excitation Phenomena in Transformer - 41

Harmonics -46

3 Phase Transformer -53 

3 phase Transformer Bank vs. 3 phase Unit Transformer-62

Star Connection -65

Delta Connection -67

4 Phase Transformer Connection -69

Phasor Groups -71 

Open Delta -83

Tertiary Winding or Stabilizing Winding - 86

EMF Equation and K for 3 phase Transformer -88

Inrush Phenomenon of Transformer -95

Scott Connection - 97

Comparison of 3 Phase Transformer Connection with respect to 3 phase Harmonics -101


Machine 2

3 Phase Induction Motor -103

Rotating Magnetic Field -106

Slip -112

Construction -113

Rotor -115

Squirrel Cage - 115

Wound Rotor or Slip Ring Type Rotor- 117

Effect of Slip - 120

Torque of Induction Motor at Standstill / Starting Torque - 126

Condition for Maximum Starting Torque- 128

Running Torque -130

Condition for Maximum running Torque - 131

Induction Motor on Load - 134

 Comparison of Transformer and Induction Motor -137

Torque Slip Characteristics - 139

Relation between Maximum Torque, Starting Torque and Running Torque at full load - 143

Operating Power Factor of an Induction Motor - 146

Speed regulation - 148

Power Stages of Induction Motor - 149

Transformer Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor - 155

Representation of Rotor Circuit - 158

Equivalent Circuit referred to Stator - 161 

Effect of  Supply voltage on Torque of Induction Motor - 165

No Load and Blocked Rotor Test - 166

No Load Test - 167

Blocked Rotor Test - 168

Circle Diagram - 171

Calculating Maximum Parameters - 177 

Starting of Induction Motor - 181

  1. Direct On Line starting (DOL) -183
  2. Stator Resistance Starting - 184
  3. Auto Transformer Starting - 186
  4. Star Delta Starting - 187
  5. Rotor Resistance Starting - 189
Special Rotor Construction - 191

Deep Bar rotor - 192

Double Cage Rotor - 193

Cogging - 195

Crawling - 197

Induction Generator - 199 

Braking in induction Motor - Plugging, Dynamic/ Rheostatic, regenerative Braking - 202

Speed Control of Induction Motor-   208 and 217

Stator Side Control - V/f, Voltage Control, Pole Changing, stator Resistance Control - 209

Rotor Side Control - Rotor Resistance Control, Cascade or Tandem connection -210 


1 phase Induction Motor  -212 (Short Notes)

Classification of 1 Phase induction Motor - 213






 




 


April 02, 2017

Synchronous Generator or Alternator (last) Part 3 : Machine 2

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Download the notes in pdf file from below link:


This notes contains following topics:
1. Salient Pole Machine, or Effect of Salient Poles, or Two Reaction Theory
2. Phasor Diagram of Salient Pole Machine
3. Slip Test: Determination of Xd and Xq (Direct axis and Quadrature axis Reactances)
4. Parallel Operation of Alternator
5.Procedure of Synchroniation
          a) Dark Lamp Method
          b) Synchroscope
          c) Computerized Synchronisation
6. Synchronising Action : Synchronising Power
7. Power Output of Cylindrical Rotor Alternator
8. Power Output of Salient Pole Alternator, Or Effect of Saliency
9. Load Sharing
10. Load Sharing Power Triangle:
          a) Effect of varying Mechanical input or Electrical Active Power
          b) Effect of varying Excitation
11. Hunting in Alternators
12. Short Circuit Transients in Alternator
          a) Sub-transient State
          b) Transient State
          c) Steady State



Page 1a

Page 1b

Page 2a

March 30, 2017

Synchronous Generator (Alternator) part 2 : Synchronous Machines

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Download the notes from the link below:


Download the same notes in grey background color effect and in less file size, from 2nd link below:


The topics included in this notes are:

1. Armature Reaction
          a) Armature Reaction effect due to purely Resistive load (Unity Power Factor Load)
          b) Armature Reaction effect due to purely Inductive load (Zero Power Factor Lagging Load)
          c) Armature Reaction effect due to Practical load (RL Load, with more Inductive)
          d)Armature Reaction effect due to purely Capactive load (Zero Power Factor Leading Load)
2. Representing Armature Reaction Effect:
          a) Voltage drop due to imaginary Armature Reaction
          b) Voltage drop due to Leakage Flux (Reactance of Armature)
          c) Voltage drop due to Resistance of Armature Conductor
3. Per Phase Equivalent Circuit of an Alternator
4. Voltage Regulation.
5. Load characteristics of an alternator.
6. Determination of Voltage Regulation by Mathematical Approach
          a) For Lagging Load
          b) For Leading Load
          c) For Resistive Load
7. Determination of Voltage Regulation by Direct Loading
8. Voltage Regulation for Large rating Alternators:
          a) Synchronous Impedance Method or EMF Method
                        i) Open Circuit Test of Alternator
                       ii) Short Circuit Test of Alternator
          b) Ampere Turns Method ( AT Method) or MMF Method
                        i) For Zero Lagging Load
                       ii) For Zero Leading Load
                      iii) For Resistive Load
          c) ZPF (or Zero Power Factor Method) or Potier Triangle Method
          d) ASA Method ( American Standard Association Method)
9. Comparison between Direct Loading, EMF, MMF, ZPF and ASA method of Voltage Regulation
10. Short Circuit Ratio (SCR) of an Alternator.

page 1a

page 1b

page 2a

January 31, 2017

Winding design of a.c. Machines & Basics of Alternator :: Synchronous Machines - Part 1

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Download the notes from below link (in PDF File)


Download the same notes in different color effects, from 2nd link.


This notes consists of the Construction features of a.c. Machines such as winding design, EMF equations and also it consists the basic of Alternator(Synchronous Generator).

The contents in this notes are:
1. Introduction of Synchronous Machines.
2. Construction features of Alternators.
              a). Stator Winding design.
              b) Rotor Types- Cylindrical Rotor & Salient Poles Rotor.
3. Cylindrical Rotor
4. Salient Pole Rotor or Projected poles.
5. Comparison between Cylindrical and Salient Poles Rotor.
6.Comparison between Stationary Field and Rotating Field Machines.
7. Armature Winding.
              a) Closed & Open Armature Winding.
              b) Distributed and Concentrated Winding.
              c) Single layer and Double layer Winding.
              d) Full Pitch and Short Pitch Winding.
              e) Lap and Wave Winding.
8. Design of Lap and Wave Windings.
9. Pitch Factor and its derivation.
10. Effect of Pitch Factor on Harmonics.
11. Distribution Factor and its derivation. (Winding Factor written there)
12. EMF Equation of an Alternator.
13. Effect of Winding Factor ( Pitch Factor and Distribution Factor) on EMF Equation.



page 1a

page 1b

page 2a

December 17, 2016

November 17, 2016

BEE Electrical Machines Notes, (last) Part 4

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This is the last part of Unit III: Basics of Electric Machines

Download Page 16a to 21a = 11 pages in PDF file from below link, or
BEE Electric Machines: Download Part 4

Download the same pages in different colour effect from 2nd link
BEE Electric Machines: Download part 4 link 2

page 16a

page 16b

page 17a

June 02, 2016

Industrial Visit

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132 kV Grid-SubStation (GSS) AT Khood.

132 kV substation has incoming lines from 220 kV GSS, which has been stepped down to 132 kV. This 132 kV feeder is the input to GSS, Khood. Second incoming line is from Windmill power plant source, Harsh parvat. Power is drawn from this windmill as a 33 kV feeder.




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