Electrical Measurement and Instrumentation

 My Notes according to syllabus and GATE

EMI Copy 2

EMI Copy 1

EMI Copy 1 Index (Download Notes from above pdf link)

Methods of Measurement: Direct and Indirect- Page 1

Instruments and Measurement System - 2

Characteristics of Instrument: Absolute and Secondary - 5

Deflection and Null Type - 6

Secondary Instrument - Analog and Digital - 11

Function of Instruments and Measurement System - 12 

Static Characteristics: Accuracy, Reproducibility, Sensitivity, Drift, Static Error, Dead Zone -14

Errors -25

Units and Dimension - 36

Indicating Instruments - 39

Deflecting Torque - 39 

Controlling Torque - 40 

Comparison Gravity Vs. Spring Control -44 

Damping Torque: Air, Fluid, Eddy, Electromagnetic Damping- 49 

Types of Instruments -56

Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) -57

 

 Notes Changed (from here EMI Notes from start) - INDEX EMI Copy 1

Generalized Measurement System - Page 63

Direct method of Measurement - 65

Indirect method - 67 

Absolute Instrument - 68

Secondary Instrument - 70

Characteristics of Instrument: Accuracy, Precision, Linearity, Sensitivity, Dead Time, Dead Zone, Threshold, Drift, Resolution - 74 

Types of Errors: Gross, Systematic, Random Error - 93

Numerical Problems on Errors and Characteristics of Instruments -99

 Secondary Instruments (in details): Indicating, Recording, Integrating Type - 126

Components - Deflecting, Controlling and Damping Torque -128

Deflecting Torque -129

Numerical Problems on Deflecting Torque -136 

Controlling Torque - 142

Helical and Spiral Spring - 142 

Gravity Control - 151 

 Numerical Problem on Deflecting Toque - 153

Damping Toque: Air and Fluid Friction, Eddy Current and Electromagnetic - 161

 Mechanism for Producing Deflecting Torque - 171

PMMC (Permanent Magnet Moving Coil) Instrument - 175

Extension of range of Ammeter and Voltmeter - 183

Numerical Problems -187

MI (Moving Iron) Instrument - 195

Numerical Problems -201

Extension of range of Ammeter and Voltmeter - 204

 EMMC (Electro Magnet Moving Coil) or EDM (Electro Dynamo Meter) Instrument - 211

EDM Connection for Voltmeter & Ammeter and Wattmeter - 214

EDM instrument for AC Supply - Derivation - 221

 ESV (Electrostatic Voltmeter) - 226

Extension Range of ESV - 235

 Numerical Problem - 239

Thermal Instruments -243

RTD - 248

Thermistor - 251

Thermocouple - 253

Rectifier Type Instrument - 256

Full Wave Rectifier - 261

Numerical Problem -264

 

Measurement of Resistance: Low and Medium resistance- 268

Voltmeter - Ammeter Method - 270

Ammeter - Voltmeter Method - 271

Numerical Problem -274

Substitution Method - 276

Wheatstone Bridge - 282

Sensitivity of Wheatstone Bridge - 285

Numerical Problems - 291

 Kelvin's Double Bridge - 297

Ohm Meter: Series and Shunt Type - 300

Meggar - 306

Loss of Charge Method - 307

Direct Deflection Method - 311

Measurement of Inductance - 313

EMI Copy 2 - Index ( Notes to download from pdf link above)

Measurement of Inductance - Page 1

Voltmeter - Ammeter Method - 3

3 Voltmeter Method - 4

3 Ammeter Method - 6

Comparison of DC Bridges and AC Bridges - 7

Maxwell Inductance Bridge - 10

Maxwell Inductance Capacitance Bridge -15

Hay's Bridge - 17

Owen's Bridge - 20

Anderson Bridge - 23

Measurement of Capacitance - 27

Modified Desauty's Bridge - 29

Desauty Bridge - 31

Schering Bridge - 34

Numerical Problems - 37

Wein's Robinson Bridge - 41

Measurement of Power - 44

Potentiometer - 125

Numerical Problems - 129

 Q Meter - 134

Errors in Q Meter - 139

CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope) - 143

Measurement by using CRO - 154 

Numerical Problems - 162 

DVM - 166

N 1/2 Digital Display - 181

Instrument Transformer - 185

Power Factor Meter - 202

Flux Meter - 208

Ballastic Galvanometer - 211

Transducers - 213 

Examples of Primary Transducers - 215

Classification of Transducers: Primary & Secondary, Active & Passive, Transducer & Inverse Transducer, Analog & Digital - 216

 

 

 

 

 

Assignment of all 5 Units

Assignment in pdf file

Assignment in word file

Assignment 2024-25

Assignment 1

Assignment 2

Assignment 3

Assignment 4

Assignment 5

All 5 Units Assignments in Word

Syllabus

EMI Syllabus AKTU

Reference Notes 

Notes same as my notes (above) in different handwriting

Reference Notes MADE EASY

Reference Notes Typed - Some part may not match from the syllabus

Typed Notes

Previous Years Questions Papers (AKTU)

Since syllabus changed so some questions may not be relevant.

KEE-302 2021-22

NEE-302 2019-20

KEE-302 2019-20

REE-302 2019-20

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PMMC, MI, EMMC or EDM, ESV Instruments :: Measurement

Download the notes (in pdf file) from link below:

PMMC, MI, EMMC, ESV Instruments

Download the same notes in small file size from 2nd link:

PMMC, MI, EMMC, ESV Instruments, Link 2

This notes consist of the following topics:

Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) Instruments
1. Diagram
2. Construction
3. Equation of Torque, derivation
4. Types of control
5. Sensitivity
6. Disadvantage
7. Advantage
8. Errors
9.Explanation of Advantage
10. Application
11. Extension range of Ammeter
12.Properties of shunt
13.Extension range of voltmeter
14. Numerical and objective questions

Moving Iron (MI) Instrument
1. Diagram
2. Derivation of Torque and Energy stored
3. Controlling methods and its torque derivation
4.Advantage and Disadvantage
5. Numericals
6. Extension range of MI as Ammeter
7. Extension range of MI Voltmeter

EMMC or EDM (Electro-Magnet Moving Coil) 
1. Working Principle
2. Derivation of Torque equation
3. Diagram
4. EDM circuit for Ammeter and Voltmeter
5. Equations of energy stored in magnetic coil
6. Types of control
          a) for Ammeter
          b) for Voltmeter
7. Points (Advantages and Disadvantages)
8. EMMC in case of A.C. Supply
          a) Torque Equations
9. Numerical

Electrostatic Voltmeter (ESV)
1. Working Principles
2. Derivation of stored energy
          a) Plate moving linear, scale non-linear
          b) Movable circular plate
3. Points (Advantages and Disadvantages)
4. Types of ESV
5. Extension range of ESV
          a) Potentiometer method
          b) By connecting series capacitor (Case I and Case II)
6. Numerical

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Secondary Instruments, Deflecting Torque, Controlling Torque, Damping Torque ::- Measurement

Download the notes from below link in pdf :

Measurement - Part 2

Download the same notes in low file size from 2nd link :

Measurement - Part 2, Link 2

This Notes consist of the following Topics in a very simplified and detailed way, along with many numericals:

1. Secondary Instruments
          a) Indicating type Instruments
          b) Measuring type Instruments
          c) Integrating Instruments
2. Essential components in Instruments
          a) Deflecting Torque
          b) Controlling Torque
          c) Damping Torque
3. Ways to obtain Deflecting Torques
          a) Magnetic Field Effect
          b) Electric Field Effect
          c) Electromagnetic Field of attraction or repulsion
          d) Electromagnetic Induction Effect
          e) Heating Effect or Thermal Effect
          f) Chemical Effect
          g) Hall Effect
          h)Piezo Electric Effect
4. Reading of Rectifier Type Instrument
5. Controlling Torque
          a) Spring Control Technique
          b) Gravity Control Technique
6. Damping Torque
          a) Air Friction
          b) Fluid Friction
          c) Eddy Current\
          d) Electromagnetic
7. Mechanism of Producing Deflecting torque

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