September 26, 2025

This notes may not be systematic as I have made this notes based on diffrent university syllabus, but you may filter out the topics you require as per the AKTU syllabus. The concept remains same.

Construction of DC Machine

Working of DC Generator

Types of DC Generator, DC Motor, 3 Phase Induction Motor

REFERENCE NOTES

These notes are downloaded from internet, it is handwritten notes, written by students in the classroom.

HANDWRITTEN NOTES BY STUDENTS

FEE HANDWRITTEN 1

FEE OR BEE HANDWRITTEN NOTES 2

======================================================================

BEE PRACTICAL FILE

LAB MANUAL

3 Phase Transformer, 3 Phase Induction Motor, 1 Phase Induction Motor

gaurishankar4ee Electrical & Electronics, Machine I, Machines II

Complete notes of Induction Motor copy, my notes

3 Phase Induction Motor

Machine I

DC Machine:

Armature Reaction waveform - Page 9

Armature Reaction in DC Motor - 14

Windings of Transformer - Concentric, Sandwich, Cross Over, Continuous Disc Winding - Page 4

Parallel Operation of Transformers -19

Two Transformers in Parallel with equal voltages -24

Auto Transformers - 27

Saving of Copper in Auto Transformers - 31

Advantages of Auto Transformer - 33

Two winding Transformers to Auto Transformer Conversion - 34

Excitation Phenomena in Transformer - 41

Harmonics -46

3 Phase Transformer -53

3 phase Transformer Bank vs. 3 phase Unit Transformer-62

Star Connection -65
Delta Connection -67
4 Phase Transformer Connection -69

Phasor Groups -71

Open Delta -83

Tertiary Winding or Stabilizing Winding - 86

EMF Equation and K for 3 phase Transformer -88

Inrush Phenomenon of Transformer -95

Scott Connection - 97

Comparison of 3 Phase Transformer Connection with respect to 3 phase Harmonics -101

Machine 2

3 Phase Induction Motor -103

Rotating Magnetic Field -106

Slip -112

Construction -113

Rotor -115

Squirrel Cage - 115
Wound Rotor or Slip Ring Type Rotor- 117

Effect of Slip - 120

Torque of Induction Motor at Standstill / Starting Torque - 126

Condition for Maximum Starting Torque- 128

Running Torque -130

Condition for Maximum running Torque - 131

Induction Motor on Load - 134

Comparison of Transformer and Induction Motor -137

Torque Slip Characteristics - 139

Relation between Maximum Torque, Starting Torque and Running Torque at full load - 143

Operating Power Factor of an Induction Motor - 146

Speed regulation - 148

Power Stages of Induction Motor - 149

Transformer Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor - 155

Representation of Rotor Circuit - 158

Equivalent Circuit referred to Stator - 161

Effect of Supply voltage on Torque of Induction Motor - 165

No Load and Blocked Rotor Test - 166

No Load Test - 167
Blocked Rotor Test - 168

Circle Diagram - 171

Calculating Maximum Parameters - 177

Starting of Induction Motor - 181

Direct On Line starting (DOL) -183
Stator Resistance Starting - 184
Auto Transformer Starting - 186
Star Delta Starting - 187
Rotor Resistance Starting - 189

Special Rotor Construction - 191

Deep Bar rotor - 192
Double Cage Rotor - 193

Cogging - 195

Crawling - 197

Induction Generator - 199

Braking in induction Motor - Plugging, Dynamic/ Rheostatic, regenerative Braking - 202

Speed Control of Induction Motor- 208 and 217

Stator Side Control - V/f, Voltage Control, Pole Changing, stator Resistance Control - 209

Rotor Side Control - Rotor Resistance Control, Cascade or Tandem connection -210

1 phase Induction Motor -212 (Short Notes)

Classification of 1 Phase induction Motor - 213

BEE 451 Network Analysis and Synthesis Lab Manual, AKTU

gaurishankar4ee Circuit / Network Analysis, Electrical & Electronics

Download Complete folder

BEE451- NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS LAB

1. Verification of Maximum power transfer theorem.

Exp 1 - Verification of Maximum power transfer theorem

2. Verification of Tallegen's theorem.

Exp 2 - Verification of Tallegen's theorem

3. Study of phenomenon of resonance in RLC series circuit and obtain resonant frequency.

Exp 3 - Study of phenomenon of resonance in RLC series circuit and obtain resonant frequency

4. Design and find cut-off frequency of low pass and high pass filters.

Exp 4 - Design and find cut-off frequency of low pass and high pass filters

5. Design and find the pass band frequencies of band pass filters.

Exp 5 - Design and find the pass band frequencies of band pass filters

6. Design and find the stop band frequencies of band reject filters.

7. Determination of two port network Z and h parameters.

Exp 7 - Determination of two port network Z and h parameters

8. Verification of parameters properties in interconnection of 2, two port networks in series-series interconnection.

Exp 8 - Verification of parameters properties in interconnection of 2, two port networks in series-series interconnection

9. Verification of parameters properties in interconnection of 2, two port networks in parallel-parallel interconnection.

Exp 9 - Verification of parameters properties in interconnection of 2, two port networks in parallel-parallel interconnection

10. Determination of Z parameters of a T network and Computation of corresponding parameters to equivalent π network.

11. To perform the transient response of RL circuit.

Exp 11 - To perform the transient response of RL circuit

12. Verification of parameters properties in interconnection of 2, two port networks in cascade interconnection.

Power Electronics KEE653 Lab Manual

gaurishankar4ee Electrical & Electronics, Power Electronics

Download

PE Lab Manual and Syllabus

Electrical Lab Manual of the Kit as available in college

gaurishankar4ee Electrical & Electronics, Labs

Download

Download lab manual of the experiment Lab kits provided by Rajat after buying their kits, for correct connections smooth operation.

Power Electronics Lab Manual by RAJAT

Power Electronics Lab Manual by Rajat

Electrical Machines - I Lab Manual by RAJAT

Electrical Machine 1 Lab Manual by Rajat

Electrical Machines - II Lab Manual by RAJAT

Electrical Machines 2 Lab Manual by Rajat

Power Systems Lab Manual by RAJAT

Power Systems Lab Manual by Rajat

Power Systems II Notes

gaurishankar4ee Electrical & Electronics, Power Systems, Power Systems -II

My Notes

Unit I Notes

Questions on per Unit Systems

Download

Significance of Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence Components

Download

Unit III Notes

Half unit III covered

Download Unit III PS-II

Download Unit III

Unit IV Notes

( available on this link also)

Swing Equation, Steady State Stability : Power Systems

Download

Transient Stability, Equal Area Criteria & its Cases : Power Systems

Download

Methods of Improving Stability, Condition of Maximum Power: Power Systems

Download

Reference Notes

Unit I Notes

Download Unit I PS-II

Unit II Notes

Download Unit II PS-II

Unit III Notes

Download Unit III PS-II

Unit IV Notes

Download Unit IV PS-II

Unit V Notes

Download Unit V PS-II

MADE EASY Coaching Notes (for GATE/ IES syllabus) of Power System

Download from this link

Previous Year Question Papers

PS -II Question Papers 2022-23

Question Paper 2019

(This is question paper of Power System Analysis. Most Units are same as Power System - II. Practice relevant questions that matches the syllabus of Power System -II)

Assignment:

5 Assignments in pdf

5 Assignments in word

Syllabus:

KEE601 Power System - II ( Power Systems 2 as per AKTU Syllabus)

UNIT-I (Fault Analysis in Power System): One-line diagram, Impedance and reactance diagram, per unit system changing the base of per unit quantities, advantages of per unit system.

Symmetrical Components: Significance of positive, negative and zero sequence components, Average 3- phase power in terms of symmetrical components, sequence impedances and sequence networks.

Fault Calculations: Fault calculations, sequence network equations, single line to ground fault, line to line fault, double line to ground fault, three phase faults, faults on power systems, and faults with fault impedance, reactors and their location, short circuit capacity of a bus

UNIT-II (Load Flow Analysis): Introduction, Formation of ZBUS and YBUS, development of load flow equations, load flow solution using Gauss Siedel and Newton-Raphson method, Comparison of Gauss Siedel and Newton Raphson Method, approximation to N-R method, fast decoupled method.

UNIT-III (Travelling Waves in Power System): Travelling Waves on Transmission Lines: Production of travelling waves, open circuited line, short circuited line, line terminated through a resistance, line connected to a cable, reflection and refraction at T-junction line terminated through a capacitance, capacitor connection at a T-junction, Attenuation of travelling waves, Bewley’s Lattice diagram.

UNIT-IV (Stability in Power System): Power flow through a transmission line, Stability and Stability limit, Steady state stability study, derivation of Swing equation, transient stability studies by equal area criterion. Factors affecting steady state and transient stability and methods of improvement.

UNIT-V (Introduction to Power System Protection): Relays: Operating Principle of a general relay, Basic Terminology: Relay, Energizing Quantity, setting, Pickup, drop out, Flag, fault clearing time, Relay time, Breaker time, Overreach, Underreach; Classification of Relays according to applications, according to time. Over current Relay, Distance Protection, Differential Protection. Circuit Breakers: Arc Phenomenon, Arc Extinction and its Methods, Restriking Voltage & Recovery Voltage, Circuit Breaker Rating.

Electrical Measurement and Instrumentation

gaurishankar4ee Electrical & Electronics, Measurement

My Notes according to syllabus and GATE

EMI Copy 2

EMI Copy 1

EMI Copy 1 Index (Download Notes from above pdf link)

Methods of Measurement: Direct and Indirect- Page 1

Instruments and Measurement System - 2

Characteristics of Instrument: Absolute and Secondary - 5

Deflection and Null Type - 6

Secondary Instrument - Analog and Digital - 11

Function of Instruments and Measurement System - 12

Static Characteristics: Accuracy, Reproducibility, Sensitivity, Drift, Static Error, Dead Zone -14

Errors -25

Units and Dimension - 36

Indicating Instruments - 39

Deflecting Torque - 39

Controlling Torque - 40

Comparison Gravity Vs. Spring Control -44

Damping Torque: Air, Fluid, Eddy, Electromagnetic Damping- 49

Types of Instruments -56

Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) -57

Notes Changed (from here EMI Notes from start) - INDEX EMI Copy 1

Generalized Measurement System - Page 63

Direct method of Measurement - 65

Indirect method - 67

Absolute Instrument - 68

Secondary Instrument - 70

Characteristics of Instrument: Accuracy, Precision, Linearity, Sensitivity, Dead Time, Dead Zone, Threshold, Drift, Resolution - 74

Types of Errors: Gross, Systematic, Random Error - 93

Numerical Problems on Errors and Characteristics of Instruments -99

Secondary Instruments (in details): Indicating, Recording, Integrating Type - 126

Components - Deflecting, Controlling and Damping Torque -128

Deflecting Torque -129

Numerical Problems on Deflecting Torque -136

Controlling Torque - 142

Helical and Spiral Spring - 142

Gravity Control - 151

Numerical Problem on Deflecting Toque - 153

Damping Toque: Air and Fluid Friction, Eddy Current and Electromagnetic - 161

Mechanism for Producing Deflecting Torque - 171

PMMC (Permanent Magnet Moving Coil) Instrument - 175

Extension of range of Ammeter and Voltmeter - 183

Numerical Problems -187

MI (Moving Iron) Instrument - 195

Numerical Problems -201

Extension of range of Ammeter and Voltmeter - 204

EMMC (Electro Magnet Moving Coil) or EDM (Electro Dynamo Meter) Instrument - 211

EDM Connection for Voltmeter & Ammeter and Wattmeter - 214

EDM instrument for AC Supply - Derivation - 221

ESV (Electrostatic Voltmeter) - 226

Extension Range of ESV - 235

Numerical Problem - 239

Thermal Instruments -243

RTD - 248

Thermistor - 251

Thermocouple - 253

Rectifier Type Instrument - 256

Full Wave Rectifier - 261

Numerical Problem -264

Measurement of Resistance: Low and Medium resistance- 268

Voltmeter - Ammeter Method - 270

Ammeter - Voltmeter Method - 271

Numerical Problem -274

Substitution Method - 276

Wheatstone Bridge - 282

Sensitivity of Wheatstone Bridge - 285

Numerical Problems - 291

Kelvin's Double Bridge - 297

Ohm Meter: Series and Shunt Type - 300

Meggar - 306

Loss of Charge Method - 307

Direct Deflection Method - 311

Measurement of Inductance - 313

EMI Copy 2 - Index ( Notes to download from pdf link above)

Measurement of Inductance - Page 1

Voltmeter - Ammeter Method - 3

3 Voltmeter Method - 4

3 Ammeter Method - 6

Comparison of DC Bridges and AC Bridges - 7

Maxwell Inductance Bridge - 10

Maxwell Inductance Capacitance Bridge -15

Hay's Bridge - 17

Owen's Bridge - 20

Anderson Bridge - 23

Measurement of Capacitance - 27

Modified Desauty's Bridge - 29

Desauty Bridge - 31

Schering Bridge - 34

Numerical Problems - 37

Wein's Robinson Bridge - 41

Measurement of Power - 44

Potentiometer - 125

Numerical Problems - 129

Q Meter - 134

Errors in Q Meter - 139

CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope) - 143

Measurement by using CRO - 154

Numerical Problems - 162

DVM - 166

N 1/2 Digital Display - 181

Instrument Transformer - 185

Power Factor Meter - 202

Flux Meter - 208

Ballastic Galvanometer - 211

Transducers - 213

Examples of Primary Transducers - 215

Classification of Transducers: Primary & Secondary, Active & Passive, Transducer & Inverse Transducer, Analog & Digital - 216

Assignment of all 5 Units

Assignment in pdf file

Assignment in word file

Assignment 2024-25

Assignment 1

Assignment 2

Assignment 3

Assignment 4

Assignment 5

All 5 Units Assignments in Word

Syllabus

EMI Syllabus AKTU

Reference Notes

Notes same as my notes (above) in different handwriting

Reference Notes MADE EASY

Reference Notes Typed - Some part may not match from the syllabus

Typed Notes

Previous Years Questions Papers (AKTU)

Since syllabus changed so some questions may not be relevant.

Electrical Circuit Analysis II

SharmaGS Circuit / Network Analysis, Electrical & Electronics

Download Electrical Circuit Analysis - I as per Bikaner Technical University (BTU), Rajasthan

Class Notes of 2022-23

UNIT I: NON SINUSOIDAL WAVES

ECA-II Unit 1 Notes

UNIT 2: NETWORK FUNCTIONS

ECA-II Unit 2 Notes

UNIT 3 : 2 PORT NETWORK

ECA-II Unit 3 Notes

UNIT 4: NETWORK SYNTHESIS

ECA-II Unit 4 Notes

UNIT 5: 2 PORT REACTIVE NETWORK (FILTERS)

ECA-II Unit 5 Notes

Handwritten Notes (Faculty)

2 PORT NETWORK -

2 Port Network

Electrical Circuit Analysis - I Notes (Network Theory)

SharmaGS Circuit / Network Analysis, Electrical & Electronics

Download Complete hand written notes of Electrical Circuit Analysis - I (and Two port Network of ECA-II ) or Network Analysis Notes

Compressed Notes 68 MB

ECA - I Handwritten Notes

or Normal scanned Notes 125 MB

ECA - I Handwritten Notes

Download Printed Notes

UNIT - 1 Notes

Unit - I

UNIT - 3 Notes

Unit III

Download ECA - I Class Notes from 2022-23 batch

Unit -1

Unit - I : Basic Concepts

Unit - II

Unit - II : Network Theorems

Unit - III

Unit - III : 1 Ph and 3 Ph AC Circuits

Unit - IV

Unit - IV : Transient Analysis

Unit - V

Unit - V : Transient Response using Laplace Transformation

HVDC Transmission System Notes

SharmaGS Electrical & Electronics, HVDC Transmission System

Unit I (dc Transmission Technology) and Unit III (Control of HVdc Converters) Notes

Unit I and III notes

NK Book Scan - HVDC Transmission System

NK Book Scan

KR Padiyar Book Scan - HVDC Transmission system

KR Padiyar Book Scan

BEE Lab Manual 2021-22 (New syllabus) BTU Bikaner

SharmaGS BEE, Electrical & Electronics

BEE Lab Manual 2021-22

BEE Lab Manual 2021-22

BEE Lab Syllabus

BEE Lab Syllabus

First Year Syllabus

First Year Syllabus

Electrical Engineering Materials Notes

SharmaGS Electrical & Electronics, Electrical Engineering Materials

Unit 1

EM Unit 1

Restructured Power System Notes

SharmaGS Electrical & Electronics, Restructured Power System

Restructured Power System Notes as per the Bikaner Technical University BTU Syllabus 5EE5-11

Unit 1

Unit 2

Unit 3

Unit 4

Unit 5

Unit 6

Sustainable Engineering Study Notes

SharmaGS Electrical & Electronics, Sustainable engineering

Sustainable Engineering Notes

as per college syllabus; subject code 7CH6-60.2

By Gauri Shankar

Syllabus of Sustainable Engineering

Unit 1 Notes

Unit 1 (in word file)

Unit 2 Notes

Unit 3 Notes

Unit 3 (in word file)

Unit 4

Sustainable Engineering Notes

Source & Credits to - KTU

Sustainable Engineering Part 1

Sustainable Engineering Part 2

Sustainable Engineering Part 3

Sustainable Engineering Part 4

Sustainable Engineering Part 5

Sustainable Engineering Part 6

Electrical Machine Design Notes

SharmaGS Electrical & Electronics, Electrical Machine Design, Machine

Download

Updated Notes :

Notes from Classroom of 2022-23 Batch

Unit 1

Unit 1 Notes

Unit 2

Unit 2 Notes

Unit 3

Unit 3 Notes

Unit 4

Unit 4 Notes

Unit 5

Unit 5 Notes

Complete Syllabus Short Notes

Electrical Machine Design Notes

EMD Notes

Download Unit-wise Notes - Previous Syllabus

Major Considerations of Electrical Machine Design (Unit 1)

Major Considerations of EMD

Transformer Design

Transformer Design

3 phase Induction Motor Design

Induction Motor Design

Synchronous Machine Design

Synchronous Machine Design

Synchronous Machine Design - 2nd notes

Computer Aided Design (CAD) of Electrical Machines

Computer Aided Design (CAD)

Download Class Notes (2022-23 batch)

Unit - I

Unit - II

Unit - III and IV

Unit V

Download 70 Important Questions

70 Important Questions

Electrical Drives Notes : 6EE4-05

SharmaGS Electric Drives, Electrical & Electronics, R.T.U.

Download the notes in pdf; by clicking on the "arrow ⇓" at the top-right corner in the laptop, or clicking 3 dots at the top-right corner in mobile.

Download notes of Unit 1:
DC motor characteristics

Review of emf and torque equations of DC machine, review of torque-speed characteristics of separately excited dc motor, change in torque-speed curve with armature voltage, example load torque-speed characteristics, operating point, armature voltage control for varying motor speed, flux weakening for high-speed operation

Unit 1 Notes - DC motor characteristics

Size: 5 MB

Unit 1 Typed Notes

Download notes of Unit 2:
Chopper fed DC drive

Review of dc chopper and duty ratio control, chopper fed dc motor for speed control, steady-state operation of a chopper fed drive, armature current waveform and ripple, calculation of losses in dc motor and chopper, the efficiency of dc drive, smooth starting.

Unit 2 Notes: Chopper fed DC drive
Size: 24 MB

Unit 2 Typed Notes

Download notes of Unit 3:
Multi-quadrant DC drive
Review of motoring and generating modes operation of a separately excited dc machine, four-quadrant operation of dc machine; single quadrant, two-quadrant and four-quadrant choppers; steady-state operation of multi-quadrant chopper fed dc drive, regenerative braking

Unit 3 Notes: Multi-quadrant DC drive

Size: 8 MB

Download notes of Unit 4:

Unit 4: Closed-loop control of DC Drives

Download notes of Unit 5:

Review of induction motor equivalent circuit and torque-speed characteristic, variation of torque-speed curve with (i) applied voltage, (ii) applied frequency and (iii) applied voltage and frequency, typical torque-speed curves of fan and pump loads, operating point, constant flux operation, flux weakening operation, vector control of IM, Direct torque control of IM.

Unit 5 Notes: Induction Motor Characteristics

Download notes of Unit 6:
Scalar control or constant V/f control of induction motor
Review of three-phase voltage source inverter, generation of three-phase PWM signals, sinusoidal modulation, space vector theory, conventional space vector modulation; constant V/f control of induction motor, steady-state performance analysis based on the equivalent circuit, speed drop with loading, Slip regulation.

Unit 6 Notes: Scalar control or constant V/f control of induction motor
Size: 21 MB

Download notes of Unit 7
Control of slip ring induction motor
Impact of rotor resistance of the induction motor torque-speed curve, operation of slip-ring induction motor with external rotor resistance, starting torque, power electronic-based rotor side control of slip ring motor, slip power recovery

Unit 7 Notes: Control of slip ring induction motor

Download important questions with solutions

40 questions and answers - 2 marks

15 questions and answers - 8 marks

15 questions and answers- 15 marks

70 Important Questions - Electrical Drives

Here you can find notes of Electrical Drives ( VI Semester), Subject Code: 6EE4-05 according to the syllabus of Rajasthan Technical University RTU and Bikaner Technical University BTU.

Basic Electrical Lab Manual

SharmaGS BEE, Electrical & Electronics

Download in PDF Lab manual of Basic Electrical Engineering Lab (1FY3-26 or 2FY3-26 B.Tech I-Year, Rajasthan)

Experiment 1

Basic safety precautions.
Introduction and use of measuring instruments – voltmeter, ammeter, multi-meter, oscilloscope. Real-life resistors, capacitors and inductors.

Lab Manual of Experiment 1

Experiment 2

Transformers: Observation of the no-load current waveform on an oscilloscope.
Loading of a transformer: measurement of primary and secondary voltages and currents, and power.

Lab Manual of Experiment 2

Experiment 3

Three-phase transformers: Star and Delta connections.

Voltage and Current relationships (line-line voltage, phase-to-neutral voltage, line and phase currents).
Phase-shifts between the primary and secondary side.

Lab Manual of Experiment 3

Experiment 4

Demonstration of cut-out sections of machines:

DC machine (commutator- brush arrangement),
Induction machine (squirrel cage rotor),
Synchronous machine (field winging - slip ring arrangement) and
Single-phase induction machine.

Lab Manual of Experiment 4

Experiment 5

Torque Speed Characteristic of separately excited dc motor.

Lab Manual of Experiment 5

Experiment 6

Demonstration of

DC-DC converters
DC-AC converters – PWM waveform
The use of a DC-AC converter for speed control of an induction motor and
Components of LT switchgear.

Lab Manual of Experiment 6

Power System Planning Notes - Electrical VI Semester

SharmaGS Electrical & Electronics, Power System Planning

Download Notes in PDF

Detailed Notes of Unit 1, 2 and 3

PSP Detailed Notes Unit 1-2-3

Short Notes of Unit 1, 2, 3 and 4

PSP short notes Unit 1-2-3-4

College Notes of Unit 3- PSP

PSP Notes Unit 3 - College notes

College Notes of Unit 4 - PSP

PSP Notes Unit 4 - College Notes

Unit 1 Important Questions and Answers

Unit 1 Imp Ques

Unit 2 Important Questions and Answers

Unit 2 Imp Ques

Unit 3 Important Questions and Answers

Unit 3 Imp Ques

Unit 4 Important Questions and Answers

Unit 4 Imp Ques

Few topics of Unit 5

PSP Unit 5 - Few topics

Project Innovation

SharmaGS BEE, Electrical & Electronics, Projects & Seminar

Static Charge Detector

Whenever an electrostatic charge material is touched on the antenna, a signal is produced and it is detected. The LED glows when an electrostatic charge material is touched on the antenna wire.

Requirements:

BC547 Transistor (BJT) - 3 Pcs
Resistors

1 MegaOhm Resistor - 1 ( Colour code - Brown Black Green)
100 kiloOhm Resistor - 1 ( Colour code - Brown Black Yellow)
100 Ohm Resistor -1 ( Colour code - Brown Black Brown)

Light Emitting Diode (LED) - 1 (or You can use buzzer for sound in place of the LED)

Battery 9 Volts - 1

Thin Connecting wires - 100 cm length

Fig 1. Circuit diagram

The terminal with an arrow in the transistor is Emitter. The arrow outward represents, it is NPN transistor. Keep the flat side of the transistor on the right-hand side, then the top pin is Emitter, the middle pin is base and bottom pin is the collector.

In LED, the pin which is larger is P-type. Or inside the glass of the LED, the metal which is smaller is the P-type.

The resistance can be measured by colour coding or by a multimeter.

Fig 2. Working condition of the project

The antenna is made with a simple wire. The wire can be straight or made in coil (spring) form.

When anything that has a static charge on it, is touched on antenna wire, then the LED will glow. or if the buzzer is used in place of LED then it will make a sound.

The static charge is present on our fingers, hairs, any normal wire etc.